The World Health Organization's 2025 ICOPE handbook places a six-area capacity screen at the start of a four-stage primary care pathway for older adults. Studies in Spain and Taiwan found that results varied by domain and tool version, limiting what a one-time screen can establish.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says head-injury symptoms may appear immediately or hours to days later. Older adults can also develop chronic subdural bleeding after minor injuries, making a baseline record and follow-up changes important.
England's National Health Service warns that subdural hematoma symptoms can begin immediately after a head injury or develop gradually over several weeks. Older adults may present with confusion, poor balance or weakness rather than an obvious collapse, and most diagnosed hematomas require surgery.
Meta-analyses of cohort studies have linked tooth loss with a higher rate of dementia, though the size of the association varies across studies. Denture users did not have a clear increase in one subgroup analysis, but the evidence cannot show that replacement teeth prevent cognitive decline.
